How does a Search Engine work?

When a use accesses a search engine, they are presented with a graphical interface form, on which they specify what they are looking for. Whey they tell the search engine to start the search (by pressing “Enter” or on clicking on a specific button), the search engine invokes a program that queries its database (a collection of all the web pages it has access to).

The results are returned to the user as a number of possible URL’s. Often, these will be ranked in priority or success rate, which higher values meaning more likely to contain the information you request (what it really means is that it contains more occurrences of the keywords you were searching for compared to other documents).

How does a search engine know where the information is?

There are a number of ways a search engine can know about where information is to be found. Firstly, a search engine can list information by keywords or page titles. These keywords or titles (subject categories) can either be submitted by user’s that provide information on the internet, or can be extracted by accessing web pages and extracting the page title and keywords from the header of the web page. This keyword extraction relies on the appropriate HTML code in the header of the web page (it is called a meta-tag). The advantage is that it quicker to index information and less traffic is involved (only headers are requested from websites, the entire web document is not read).

The second method a search engine can use relies upon reading every page it knows about (usually pages are submitted for inclusion by web authors). This technique involves the use of programs called spiders or web robots that request every page then extracts all words from the content of the page and stores these words in a large database.

Not all search engines are the same. Some use keyword extraction via meta-tags while other use keywords via page content indexing. Obviously content indexing is a much better method because you are more likely to find specific information. However, this method has a number of problems. One is the sheer size of the resultant database and number of pages involved (which means a lot of traffic, and it might take two weeks to fully search all those pages). As the size of the www continues to grow this becomes more and more difficult.

Keeping the database up-to-date is a serious problem. It is common find that pages returned by a search engine have in fact since been moved or deleted.

Object Relational Database Management System and Object Oriented Database Management System

Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS)

• ORDBMS provides support for complex data types. Powerful query languages support through SQL. ORDBMS also provides good protection of data against programming errors.

• One of the major assets here is SQL. Although, SQL is not as powerful as a programming language, but it is none the less essentially a fourth generation language, thus, it provides excellent protection of data from the programming errors.

• The relational model has a very rich foundation for query optimization, which helps in reducing the time taken to execute a query.

• These databases make the querying as simple as in relational even, for complex data types and multimedia data.

• Although the strength of these DBMS is SQL, it is also one of the major weaknesses from the performances point of view in memory applications.

Object Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS)

• OODBMS provides good support for complex data types. It high integration of database with the programming language. It has very good performance but not as powerful as relational.

• It is based on object oriented programming languages, thus, are very strong in programming, however, any error of a data type made by a programmer may effect many users.

• These databases are still evolving in this direction. They have reasonable systems in places.

• The querying is possible but somewhat difficult to get.

• Some applications that are primarily run in the RAM and require a large number of database accesses with high performance may find such DBMS more suitable. This is because of rich programming interface provided by such DBMS. However, such applications may not support very strong query capabilities. A typical example of one such application is databases required for CAD.

HTML Tags: Important SEO HTML tags

SEO contains some of the very important HTML tags, which are used while performing On Page SEO. These tags are very simple to use, but they are really very effective from SEO point of view. SEO HTML tags are really helpful in making a website search engine friendly and helps in easily getting high search engine rankings with less Off Page SEO efforts. Some of the important HTML tags for SEO are given below:

Title Tag: <'title'>keyword x 2<'/title'>

Heading Tags:
H1 Tag: <'h1'>Most Important<'/h1'>

H2 Tag: <'h2'>Second Most Important<'/h2'>

H3 Tag: <'h3'>Third Most Important<'/h3'>

Strong Tag: <'strong'>Keyword<'/strong'>

Image Tag: <'img src="http://www.blogger.com/%E2%80%9Dkeyword.jpg%E2%80%9D" alt="keyword"' />

Hyperlink Tag: <'a href="http://www.mysite.com/webpage.html%E2%80%9D" title="keyword"'>Keyword<'/a'>

*Note: Remove quotes while writing tags

Free Web Tools: SEO Tools

Web Tools play an important role for analyzing a website. If you use some good web tools/SEO tools you can better analyze the status of a website. There are number of free web and SEO tools available on internet. Some of the well known web and SEO tools are given below.

• Back Link Checker Tool: http://www.domain-pop.com/

• Link Popularity Checker Tool: http://www.checkyourlinkpopularity.com/

• Auto Responder Tool: http://freeautobot.com/

• Keyword Research Tool: http://www.wordpot.com/

• Social Bookmarking Tool: http://www.socialmarker.com/

• Open Source Image Editor Tool: http://www.gimp.org/

• Keyword Density Analyzer Tool: http://www.keyworddensity.com/

• Screenshot Tool: http://greenshot.sourceforge.net/

• W3C Quality Assurance Toolbox: http://www.w3.org/QA/Tools/

Dynamic SQL: Use of Dynamic SQL Statements

Dynamic SQL, unlike embedded SQL statements, are built at the run time and placed in a string in a host variable. The created SQL statements are then sent to the DBMS for processing. Dynamic SQL is generally slower than statically embedded SQL as they require complete processing including access plan generation during the run time.

However, they are more powerful than embedded SQL as they allow run time application logic. The basic advantage of using dynamic embedded SQL is that we need not compile and test a new program for a new query.

Let us explain the use of dynamic SQL with the help of an example:

Example: Write a dynamic SQL interface that allows a student to get and modify permissible details about him/her. The student may ask for subset of information also. Assume that the student database has the following relations.

STUDENT (enrolno, name , dob)
RESULT (enrolno, coursecode, marks)

In the table above, a student has access rights for accessing information on his/her enrolment number, but s/he can’t update the data. Assume that user names are enrolment number.

/* declarations in SQL */

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARAE SECTION;
Char inputfields (50);
Char tablename (10);
Char sqlquery ystring (20);

EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
Printf(“Enter the fields you want to see \n”);
Scanf(“SELECT %s”, inputfields);
Printf(“Enter the name of table STUDENT or RESULT”);
Scanf(“FROM %s”, tablename);
Sqlqueryystring= “SELECT” +inputfields+””+”FROM” +tablename+ “WHERE enrolno + “USER”

/*Plus is used as a symbol for concatenation operator; in some DBMS it may be ||*/
/* Assumption: the user name is available in the host language variable USER */

EXEC SQL PREPARE sqlcommand FROM: sqlqueryystring;
EXEC SQL EXECUTE sqlcommand;

Please note the following points in the example above.

• The query can be entered completely as a string by the user or s/he can be suitably prompted.
• The query can be fabricated using a concatenation of strings. This is language dependent in the example and is not a portable feature in the present query.
• The query modification of the query is being done keeping security in mind.
• The query is prepared and executed using a suitable SQL EXEC commands.

What is an SEO friendly Website?

The term SEO friendly relates to search engine friendly. A website is called SEO/search engine friendly, if it is easily crawled and ranked by search engines. Search Engines give special preference to SEO friendly websites and these websites get good Search Engine Ranking Placements(SERP) on most competitive keywords with less efforts. A website becomes SEO friendly if it is properly optimized with SEO standards.

The most important SEO standards for making a website search engine friendly is to set a very informative Title of page based on the most targeted keyword(s) of the page. Title is the very basic but most important point for the on page optimization. One H1 tag will be used on one page and this h1 tag will be based on the most targeted/important keyword of that page.

Sitemap is very important for a website. There are basically two types of sitemaps that are required. One is HTML sitemap and other is XML sitemap. XML sitemap is very important and every website must have an XML sitemap. XML sitemap is one, from where search engines can easily crawl all the pages of a website.

Every image must have an alt tag associated with it and for every link, a specific title for the link should be given. Some search engines also check meta descriptions and keywords, so give appropriate meta description and keywords for every page.

More important, never use any hidden text or don’t try any black hat SEO techniques. All these will have some bad effects on website and Google never give preference to such sites. So, always apply some standard SEO techniques to make your website SEO friendly. If your website is search engine friendly then search engines will automatically give preference to your website.

Embedded SQL: Use of Embedded SQL Statements

The embedded SQL statements can be put in the application program written in C, Java or any other host language. These statements may sometimes be called static. The term ‘static’ is used to indicate that the embedded SQL commands, which are written in the host program, do not change automatically during the lifetime of the program. Thus, such queries are determined at the time of database application design. For example, a query statement embedded in C to determine the status of train booking for a train will not change. However, this query may be executed for many different trains. Please note that it will only change the input parameter to the query that is train-number, date of boarding, etc., and not the query itself.

Below is the example of embedded SQL where to write a C program segment that prints the details of a student whose enrolment number is input.

Student(enrolno:char(9), name:char(25), phone:integer(12), prg-code:char(3))
/* add proper include statements */
/* declaration in C program */
Exec SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
Char enrolno[10], name[26], p-code[4];
int phone;
int SQLCODE;
char SQLSTATE[6];
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;

/* The connection needs to be established with SQL */
/* Program segment for the required function */
printf(“enter the enrolment number of the student”);
scanf(“%s”, &enrolno);
EXEC SQL
SELECT name, phone, prog-code INTO
:name, :phone:, :p-code
FROM STUDENT
WHERE enrolno=:enrolno;
If(SQLCODE==0)
Printf(“%d, %s, %s”, enrolno, name, phone, p-code)
Else
Printf(“Wrong Enrolment Number”);

Please note the following points in the program above:

• The program is written in the host language ‘C’ and contains embedded SQL statements.
• Although in the program an SQL query (select) has been added. You can embed any DML, DDL, or views statements.
• The distinction between and SQL statement and host language statement is made by using the keyword EXEC SQL; thus this keyword helps in identifying the Embedded SQL statements by the pre-compiler.
• Please note that the statements including(EXEC SQL) are terminated by a semi-colon(;).
• As the data is to be exchanged between a host language and a database, there is a need of shared variables that are shared between the environments. Please note that enroll[10], name[20], p-code[4]; etc. are shared variables, colon(:) declared in ‘C’.
• The Type mapping between ‘C’ and SQL types is defined in the following table:
  

‘C’ Type SQL Type
Long INTEGER
Short SMALLINT
Float REAL
Double DOUBLE
Char[I+1] CHAR(i)

• Please also note that these shared variables are used in SQL statements of the program. They are prefixed with the colon(:) to distinguish them from database attribute and relation names. However, they are used without this prefix in any C language statement.
• Please note that these shared variables have almost the same name(except p-code) as that of the attribute name of the database. The prefix colon(:) this distinguishes whether we are referring to the shared host variable or an SQL attribute. Such similar names is a good programming convention as it helps in identifying the related attribute.
• Please note that the shared variables are declared between BEGIN DECLARE SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION and there typed is defined in ‘C’ language.

How to create an XML Sitemap

To create an XML sitemap is very important for a website. If you have a website with thousands of pages, then it becomes more important to create XML sitemap for the website. XML sitemap is one which helps in easy crawling of all the web pages of a site. From here Google crawler can easily read your content and cache the content easily. There are many other advantages of XML sitemap, like if you have broken links in website which crawlers can’t check easily, it is XML sitemap from where crawlers can read broken links as well. XML sitemaps also play important role in dynamic websites. Dynamic website’s pages can’t be properly crawled by crawlers. In that case If you have XML sitemap in website then they will be easily crawled.

An XML sitemap contains all the pages of a website. Pages in XML sitemap is set with priorities. The most important pages of website like homepage and some other important pages are given high priority in XML sitemap. It is very easy to create an XML sitemap for a website. If you have website with less than 500 pages then you can use the well known online tool for creating sitemap which is http://www.xml-sitemaps.com/.

And if your website is containing more than 500 pages then you need to create the XML sitemap manually. To create a manual XML sitemap check the code below:
<'url'>
<'loc'>http://www.domain.com/<'/loc'>
<'priority'>1.0<'/priority'>
<'changefreq'>weekly<'/changefreq'>
<'/url'>
<'url'>
<'loc'>http://www.domain.com/name.html<'/loc'>
<'priority'>0.5<'/priority'>
<'changefreq'>weekly<'/changefreq'>
<'/url'>

Note: Remove quotes from code
For homepage priority is set as 1.0 and for sub pages it can be 0.5. changefreq as weekly means crawlers will come to your all the pages every week to check the updates. Save this file in .xml format. After creating XML sitemap, upload this on your website server. XML sitemap is very important for a website to be crawled regularly. So, always create XML sitemap of your website.

Java Programming Language

Java is called a pure object oriented programming language. It was developed by Sun Microsystems in 1991. Java is partially based on C and C++ with more advanced features of object oriented model. Java programs are compiled and interpreted using JVM called Java Virtual Machine. One of the main features of Java is that, it is portable. Java is known as a very simple, portable, reliable and powerful programming language.

Java Features
The main purpose of development of Java Programming language was to develop a language that could provide a solution to the problems of modern programming. The purpose was to create a compact, simple and interactive language. Some of the main features of Java Programming Language are:
· Platform-Independent and Portable
· Robust and Secure
· Compiled and Interpreted
· Distributed
· Familiar, Simple and Small
· Multithreaded and Interactive
· High Performance
· Dynamic and Extensible

Java Development Kit
Java Development Kit contains a number of tools for the development and running of java programs. Tools in Java Development Kit includes:
· appletviewer: appletviewer is used to view the Java applets.
· javac: javac is used to compile a java program.
· java: java is used to interpret a java program.
· javap: javap is Java dissembler
· javah: javah is for creating HTML documents
· jdb: jdb is Java debugger

Difference between HTML and XML

HTML
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML standardizes the description of document layout and display, and is an integral part of every website today. In other words, HTML is a language for describing how pages of text, graphics and other information are organized, formatted and linked together.

Today, HTML pages are the standard interface to the internet. They can include animated graphics, sound and video, complete interactive programs, and good old-fashioned text. Millions of web pages are retrieved each day from thousands of web server computers around the world.


XML
XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is used to describe documents and data in a standardized, text-based format, easily transportable via standard internet protocols. XML, is based on the mother of all markup languages-Standard Generalized Markup Language(SGML). XML can be used to provide more details on the structure and meaning of the data pages rather than just specifying the format of the web pages. The formatting aspects can be specified separately, by using a formatting language such XSL(extended style sheet language). XML can describe data as records of data store or as a single document.

HTML vs. XML
As a language, XML defines both syntax and grammar rules. The rules are called Document Type Definition(DTD), and are one of the major differences between HTML and XML. XML uses metadata for describing data. The metadata of XML is not complex and adds to the readability of the document. XML, like HTML, also uses tags to describe data however, tags, unlike HTML, describes data and not how to present it. To display XML data,. You often transform it using XSLT into an HTML page.

HTML is comprised of a defined set of tags, XML on the other hand has very few defined gas. However, it does not mean that XML is powerless, the greatest power of XML is that it is extensible. You can create your own tags with your own semantic meaning. For example, you can create to use for your customer information data such as: Customer_First_Name like Manoj

This tag has meaning for you and, thus, to your application. This tag has been created by you to designate customer’s first name but its tells nothing about its presentation. But how is this gag useful to us? Consider now that data stream contains multiple customers information. If you want to find all customers with first name “Manoj” you can easily search for the "customer_first_name" tags. You can not perform such type of operation in HTML with the same ease and consistency, as HTML was bit designed for such purposes. XML is case sensitive while HTML is not.

Object Oriented Database

An object oriented database is used for complex databases. Such database applications require complex interrelationships among object hierarchies to be represented in database systems. These interrelationships are difficult to be implement in relational systems.

Object oriented models represent complex systems very naturally through an inheritance hierarchy. Thus it is a very natural choice for such complex objects.

Consider a situation where you want to design a class, (let us say a Date class), the advantage of object oriented database management for such situations would be that they allow representation of not only the structure but also the operation on newer user defined database type such as finding the difference of two dates. Thus, object oriented database technologies are ideal for implementing such systems that support complex inherited objects, user defined data types (that require operations in addition to standard operation including the operations that support polymorphism).

Another major reason for the need of object oriented database system would be the seamless integration of this database technology with object-oriented applications. Software design is now, mostly based on object oriented technologies. Thus, object oriented database may provide a seamless interface for combining the two the technologies.

The object oriented databases are also required to manage complex, highly interrelated information. They provide solution in the most natural and easy way that is closer to our understanding of the system. Michael Brodie related the object oriented system to human conceptualization of a problem domain which enhances communication among the system designers, domain experts and the system end users.

The he concept of object oriented database was introduced in the late 1970s, however, it became significant only in the early 1980s. The initial commercial product offerings appeared in the late 1980s. Today, many object oriented databases products are available like Objectivity/DB (developed by Objectivity, Inc.), ONTOS DB (developed by ONTOS, Inc.), VERSANT (developed by Versant Object Technology Corp.) and ObjectStore (developed by Object Design, Inc.), GemStone (developed by Servio Corp.) and ObjectStore PSE Pro (developed by Object Design, Inc.) An object oriented database is presently being used for various applications in areas such as e-commerce, engineering product data management; and special purpose database in areas such as, securities and medicine.

Advantages of Website Development

Website development is one of the most important aspect of software industry which has completely revolutioned the ways of today’s life, world economy and structure of software industry. In todays time you will get a website that will full fill all your criteria needs. In simple words website development has become versatile in the whole world . It is website development which has made software industry consistent and up to the peak. Website creation has opened tremendous and enormous opportunities for youngsters in make their career in this field . Every year it provides lakhs and lakhs of job opportunities.

Website development is a procedure that completes in two steps first in webpage creation and second is webpage development. Webpage creation includes manual coding and web page designing includes designing a webpage to all possible extents ,making it attractive, and up to the mark by using javascript, flash and animation. All these things results into a creation of full website and after that with the help of webmasters several activities are done to bring it upto a land mark so that it could create business. Every day new techniques are made to make new and new website with fabulous effects.

301 Redirect

301 Redirect is known as one of the most search engine friendly method for a web page redirection. It is the most safest method for redirection and it also preserves search engine rankings for a particular page.Whenever it is needed to change any file and move pages around it is the most safest option.

.htaccess 301 Redirect

One of the simplest way to redirect is the use of .htaccess redirect. .htaccess redirect helps in redirecting a non www domain to www domain. Means it will redirect the domain.com to www.domain.com. For this redirection we need to create a simple .htaccess file with the code below.

Options +FollowSymlinks
RewriteEngine on
rewritecond %{http_host} ^domain.com [nc]
rewriterule ^(.*)$ http://www.domain.com/$1 [r=301,nc]

You need to replace the domain.com and www.domain.com with your website's actual name. Create the .htaccess file with the code above and place it in the root directory of your website.

Note* The .htaccess method given above works only on Linux servers having the Apache Mod-Rewrite module enabled in it.

How to promote a blog in search engines?

Blogging is not limited to share your personal ideas and thoughts on internet. Even it has become a part of business now. Blogging is one of the very effective way for business promotion. Now a days blogs are being used to promote businesses online. On blogs you can describe about your products, services or any other business information. Blogs are also very easy to promote over internet. One of the important aspects of blog promotion is to use original content. If you are writing all of your blog posts with original content, then blog promotion will be much easy for you. An informative and original content is easily cached and ranked by Google and other search engines. You can also promote your blog using one of the very effective search engine optimization techniques.

Below are the top 10 blog promotion tips:-

• Submit blog in major search engines like Google, Bing, Yahoo and others

• Perform link exchange with other blogs. For link exchange consider only some quality blogs, not any adult content or porn blogs

• Submit blog in top blog directories.

• Submit blog in general web directories.

• Submit the blog in blog pinging sites.

• Submit blog in RSS directories

• Do commenting on dofollow and quality blogs

• Create more blogs on relevant themes and link to your main blog

• Do social bookmarking of blog at social bookmarking sites

• You can also submit articles in article directories by giving back links to your blog
  

Fresh and original content is very important for blogs. So, always write something useful for your blog. You can daily post one blog post in your blog.

Free Social Networking Scripts

Social networks have become very popular in all over the world and similarly the demand for good social networks have also been increased. For the same developers have developed some very good and user friendly social network softwares. But the cost of developing these social networks go very high. The solution of this problem is the free social networking script. Now a days there are number of free social networking scripts are available on internet which are open source based scripts. These scripts can be easily downloaded and integrated with any application.

If you want to start a Social Network, but can't afford the cost of a Social Networking Script and looking for a free and low cost Social Networking Script, then I can suggest you a best list of Free Social Networking Scripts. The scripts are open source based scripts, you can easily download them and integrate in your own design/templates.

Below is the list of Free Social Networking Scripts:-

1. Dolphin Free Social Networking Script
   


2. Free Social Networking and Match Making Script
   


3. Free Social Networking Script from Google
   

OSCommerce and Usage

OSCommerce is popularly known as open source Commerce. OSCommerce is an e-commerce and online store management software program. This is one of the open sources in PHP. OSCommerce can be used on the web servers that has PHP and MYSQL installed. As it is an open source, it can be downloaded free of cost from internet.

OScommerce has made the development of online shopping carts very simpler. It contains the complete online shopping cart software from product search to online payment processing. You just need to integrate the complete software in your design. This software is customizable, you can perform customizing in oscommerce as per the requirements.

OScommece is a widely used open source system, which is being used by many software developers for creating online store management systems.

Joomla Web Development

Joomla is a most popular Content Management System (CMS) which is used for Complex applications development. Joomla is easy to use and fully extensible Software which has made Joomla the most popular Content Management System.

Joomla has different versions to use. Joomla is an open source and that is why free to use. You can download any version of joomla from internet and can integrate in your application. Joomla integration may sometimes get difficult for new users, but if you go through the joomla tutorials, you can very well integrate joomla.

Joomla can be used for different applications development. It can be used for simple applications as well as complex applications development. Some of the areas where Joomla can be used are Government applications, small business websites, E-Commerce applications, Personal web pages development, community portals, online reservation websites, School and Collage applications development, Corporate websites, Organizational websites and many more.

B2B Portal: Online Business Portals

B2B Portals are popularly known as Business Portals. This is the place where buyers and sellers can communicate with each other. These portals play an important role in online business exposure and marketing. B2B portals help in increasing online sales and provide real customers.

Buyers can list the products/services that they require. Sellers/Companies will also have an account where they can advertise their business products and services.

There are number of B2B portals available on internet from where you can perform real trade. Some of the well known B2b portals are alibaba.com, dir.yahoo.com, b2btoday.com, indiabizclub.com, justdial.com, nasscom.org and many more.

So, if you want to explore your online business, then B2B is the best place to start with. Give some good description of your services and products on these portals and in return you will get good customers and huge benefits.

Search Engine Optimization

Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the process of optimizing the web pages in search engines in such a way that the crawlers of search engines can easily crawl and index the content of those web pages. The process of search engine optimization makes the websites search engine friendly and fully optimized to get good search results.

The complete process of search engine optimization helps the web pages and websites to get good rankings in search engines and to receive increased traffic through related search terms. Everything about search engine optimization is adjusted, modified, and created around the algorithms that are followed by all the search engines when checking for the relevancy of a website on a particular user search term.

Search Engines rank a website as per the techniques applied to optimize a website. Search engine optimization includes number of techniques for optimization of web pages which have been classified into two i.e. on page optimization techniques and off page optimization techniques.

On page Optimization refers to the positioning of text and content on the web pages and their optimization as per the accepted guidelines of search engines. A fully optimized websites through on page optimization gets easily crawled by search engines.

Off page optimization is the process to improve back links of a website through different off page optimization techniques. Standard quality of back links accepted by Google and other search engines helps in increasing the page rank of any website and do doubt provide maximum exposure to improve search engine rankings and traffic.

PHP Programming

PHP has become the most popular programming language from the last few years. It is a based programming language that supports dynamic applications. PHP is a very simple language, which is easy to learn and implement. This is more simplified as compare to Java or .net or any other programming language. Anyone can learn PHP within a short period of time. PHP can be easily embedded into HTML. PHP also costs less to programmers. Complex web applications can be easily created with PHP, with less efforts and small time period as compare to other programming languages.

PHP runs on a linux web server and produce dynamic web pages. PHP supports all kind of custom web development. Today there are many open sources available in PHP, like Joomla, Drupal, OScommerce, Magento open source and many more. These open sources can be easily integrated in PHP and supports an efficient, cost effective and advanced web development.

As PHP is a dynamic web programming language, it works with a particular database system which is MYSQL. MYSQL is the most standard database to be used with PHP. MYSQL is one of the relational database management system(RDBMS) which stores all kind of operational data in it and make available this data on web when accessed.

In short PHP is totally a well suited language for development of complex dynamic applications.